K.NANJAPPA GOUNDER COLLEGE OF
EDUCATION
DINDIGUL
Class: B.Ed. OPTIONAL-I
Subject:
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE –I
Unit:II–
LESSONPLAN AND UNIT PLAN
LESSON
PLAN
INTRODUCTION
Ø
.
Lesson planning is the basic skill that teaches must know for imparting
knowledge in a better way. Advance planning aides in envisaging the
teaching-learning situation and helps the teacher in making alternations in the
teaching-learning process accordingly.
Ø
Planning begins with the goals of teaching
learning situation planning should be done in the terms of the goals to be
achieved.
Ø
The other advantages are; helps in the setting
of objectives, the specific learning out comes, the strategies of teaching and
make the textual matter related in a more meaningful manner.
Ø
Teaching is an activity, which requires careful
advance thinking and planning. Therefore, for effective teaching sufficient and
elaborate planning should be done so that appropriate objectives. The
specification and the teaching strategy could be employed.
Ø
The teacher are expected to know well in advance
about what she/he is going to teach
Ø
her/his students. Successful teachers
perpetually seem to be good planning.
The teacher has to plan the
teaching activity in three stages.
Year plan: This plan is
meant for the whole academic year. This determines the content to be taught in
various periods of an year.
Unit plan: This plan is
for teaching a single unit. This includes organization of the selected
materials into meaningful segments of activity and experience.
Lesson plan: The plan is
required to teach a lesson and for the daily work in the class room.
Write about meaning of lesson
plan and define Lesson Plan.
Meaning and Definition of a
lesson plan:
Lesson planning is virtually the
pre active phase of teaching.
According to N.L. Bossing:
“lesson plan is the title given to a statement of achievements to be realized
and the specific meaning by which these are to be attained as a result of the
activities engaged during the period”.
Bining and Bining have explained the structure and purpose of
lesson-plan in their definition as follows. “daily lesson planning involves
defining the objectives, selecting and arranging the subject matter and
determining the method and procedure”.
Explain about general features
of a lesson plan?
Lesson plan:
v
According to tester B. Stands, “A lesson plan is
actually a plan of action”. It therefore includes the working philosophy of the
teacher, his knowledge of philosophy, his information about and understanding
of his pupils, his comprehension of the objectives of education, his knowledge
of the material to be taught and his difficulty to utilize effective methods.
v
A lesson plan given a detained description of
the unit or the content of subject matter, which a teacher teaches in a period of fixed
duration.
v
It gives an outline of the contents that are
taught in a class room in a period.
v
A lesson plan provides a guide line for planning
the instructional strategies, teaching materials and the learning experiences
to be provided to the students.
v
It helps in evaluation the learning outcomes of
the students.
v
In short, a lesson plan is a plan which reflects
of a picture of various teaching
strategies employed to create a proper learning environment in the class room
in order to achieve the prescribed instructional objectives.
v
The teacher should be very clear about the aim
of the lesson and should plan according to it.
v
The teacher should also try to correlate the
lessons with various kinds of activities, like physical, social, environments
related to the students.
v
Introduction and presentation of lessons and the
teaching aids, which are going to be used for these lessons, should also be
included in the plan.
v
The teacher finally can evaluate the plan
according to the aim of set for the lessons.
v
After planning for the unit we have to
concentrate on each lesson plan. Lesson plan actually is a plan of action. The
teacher has to decide her work in a particular period. He has to plan his tools
and materials.
v
Lesson plan is a teacher’s mental and emotional
visualization of class room activities. For successful and effective teaching,
lesson plan is very essential. Lesson plan explains the objective to be
fulfilled and the teaching methods and aids to be used.
v
A lesson plan is a blue print, a guide map, a
creative piece or work and the chart for class room teaching in one personal.
It is a systematic approach for the development of concepts, skills,
understanding etc.
v
So lesson plan is an experience in anticipated
teaching. Its focus is mainly a learning. The vivid imagination of the class
room situation, speaks of the class room experience. For effective anticipation
experience, the re-requisitions are:
v
Mastery of subject matter, the materials and
activities
v
Through knowledge of the environmental forces
i.e. previous knowledge and experience of the learner.
v
Under standing of psychology of mental process and
laws of learning.
v
Understanding of teaching techniques – goals,
aims, skills, methods etc.
Write the principles of a good
lesson plan?
The following are the important
principles for a good lesson plan:
v
A good lesson plan should proceed from simple to
complex, known to unknown, concrete to abstract, whole to part and back to the
whole.
v
It should follow the instructional objectives
and specifications
v
The teaching aid should be generally and
appropriately used
v
The activities should be relevant and properly
selected
v
The evaluation procedures should be suitable to
the lesson
v
It should induce the power of reasoning,
analysis and critical thinking among the students.
v
It should indicate definite assignments for the
students.
v
There should be extra information about the
topic and a note an other available reference materials.
Describe lesson plan’s need and importance for teacher-education
programme?
The
lesson plan has significant role in planning and organizing teaching with the
following reasons:
- In teacher-education programme, the lesson planning provides the guideline to pupil-teachers during their teaching practices.
- It provides awareness of teaching objectives and structure of content and teacher has to perform his activities in the direction to achieve the objectives.
- The sequence of content is to be presented and finalized by task analysis in lesson planning
- The perceptive mass of the learner is developed or encouraged by linking the new knowledge with the previous knowledge of the students
- The use of teaching aids, techniques, strategies and tactics is pre-determined in the presentation of the content
- It maintains the sequence of content presentation and prevents the teacher to deviate from the topic
- The teaching activities are related to learning structures with the help of scientific lesson plan
- It determines the suitable places of reinforcing and controlling the student behaviour during teaching
- The classroom teaching activities are organized by considering the students individual differences.
- The effectiveness of a teacher depends on a good lesson plan. It develops the reasoning decision making ability and imagination and pupil teachers.
- The micro-lessons are helpful in developing specific teaching skills.
- The pupil-teacher gains confidence in performing classroom teaching activities.
The teacher needs to plan the
lesson, as it helps in an orderly procedure of teaching.
v To
accomplish the instructional objectives
v To
build up effective teaching strategies
v To
evaluate the learning outcomes by recalling the steps in the curriculum
v To
cater to the abilities and needs of the individual students.
Explain about the
characteristic of an effective lesson plan?
The following are the important
characteristics of a good lesson plan.
Objective based: The
objectives of the lessons should be clearly defined and the plan of the lesson
should be based on these objectives. It should be mentioned about instructional
objectives. Objectives should be in the written form.
Relevant teaching aids: A
good lesson plan should include teaching aids how and when to be used. Teaching
of any lesson should be supported by a set of appropriate teaching aids like
charts, graphs, pictures, diagram, maps etc. Therefore, it is essential to make
preparation of a ideal lesson plan.
Primary knowledge: The
previous knowledge of the students will decide the course of new knowledge.
Therefore an ideal lesson plan should be based on the previous knowledge of the
student so that the student may not force problem in acquiring the new
knowledge.
Division of lesson plan into
units: An ideal lesson plan should incorporate all the essential steps of
all the three types of lesson plans. They are knowledge lesson, skill lesson,
and appreciation lesson. Each lesson should be divided into units so that the
students can understand if easily.
Use of simple language: An
ideal lesson plan should emphasize on the simplicity and clarity of the subject
and the mental capacity of the students. The lesson plan should be subject –
oriented rather than stressing on the language.
Determination of activities:
If the activities to be performed by the teachers and the students are
determined in advance, the planning of the lesson will be easy and effective.
Use of strategies, tactics,
techniques and teaching aids: A teacher should have a good command over
general principles of teaching, so that he/she can use the strategies and the
techniques accordingly in the lesson plan.
Correlation: To allow the
students to get the knowledge as a whole, there should exist correlate in a
good lesson plan.
Illustration: An ideal
lesson plan should incorporate illustrations and examples related to the daily
life of the students and also have effective illustration throughout the
period.
Teaching from memory level to
reflective level: A lesson plan with developmental and thought-provoking
questions can lift the student from memory level to reflective level.
Time sense: A lesson plan
prepared according to the mental level of the student and duration of the
period can prove to be an ideal one. The time assigned to each teaching step
should be mentioned clearly in the lesson plan.
Use of Black Board: The
black board summary of each and every unit that is taught should be written on
the black board in short but complete sentences.
Evaluation: A good lesson
plan should also mention the method of evaluation to assess the performance of
the students and obtain the feed back them on the lessons.
Home work: To check the
level of acquired knowledge through class room learning, the students should be
provided with the home work. A good lesson plan should include relevant home
assignment.
List the requirements for a
planning a lesson?
A teacher needs to possess the
following to plan her lessons:
- A mastery over the content
- A thorough knowledge of the process of teaching and learning
- An understanding of the relevant methods and techniques to be used in the class room
- An overview of the instructional objectives and specifications of teaching biological sciences
- Knowledge of the individual differences and psychology of the learners.
What are the advantages of lesson
plan?
Advantages of Lesson plan:
- A good lesson plan helps the teacher to act orderly and proceed systematically while delivering the lessons. He / she will have a good control over the lesson delivery and haphazard teaching can therefore be avoided.
- Through proper lesson planning the teacher can get clear aims for the students according to their interests, attitudes etc.
- As a good lesson plan is present and appropriate. It provides a lot of confidence and self-confidence to the teachers, which again helps the teachers in effective teaching.
- Lesson planning helps the teacher in deciding the definite objectives and in achieving the teaching goals.
- It makes classroom teaching interesting, systematic and organized.
- It guides the teacher in sustaining the interest of the students and organizing some activities.
- A good lesson plan helps the teacher to give good assignments to the students
- Lesson planning saves time and the students will be able to understand the subject content effectively. In this way, they also form certain desirable attitudes and behaviour patterns.
- Lesson plan inculcated in the teaching process and discourages repetitions
- It enables the teacher to understand and use the most relevant method of teaching the lesson
- A good lesson plan correlate with social and physical environment and also considers the needs and interest of the student.
- The micro lessons are useful in the development of specific teaching skills.
- Lesson planning assures a proper connection of the new lesson with the previous lesson
- Lesson planning ensures a proper consideration of the learning process and definite choice of appropriate learning procedures.
- The effectiveness of a teacher depends on a good lesson plan. It develops reasoning, decision-making ability and imagination.
- Lesson planning provides for an adequate evaluation of learning outcomes.
- It eliminates the chance of trial and error in teaching
- It helps to visualize the needs of the mixed ability of the pupils.
What are the demerits of lesson planning?
- Lesson planning makes the teaching process more difficult because of complicated lesson planning process.
- More time is always needed by teacher to plan a lesson
- Sometimes, simple subject-matter becomes more complicated
- It has no flexibility and puts the fresh teacher in new helpless situations
- Teacher cannot teach a lesson independently
What are the different
approaches of lesson planning? Describe their merits and demerits.
APPROACHES TO LESSON PLANNING
Different people use different
approaches to develop a lesson plan. The common approaches used are:
1. Herbartian approach
2. The evaluation of approach or
Bloom’s approach.
Describe briefly about
Herbartian approaches to lesson planning?
- Herbartian Approach: The major contribution of the Herbartian movement was the class lesson plan suitable for any class size or organization. The lesson plan reflected a conceptualization of education that placed an emphasis on order and planning, which were necessary to sit the requirements of large classes.
- According to Herbart, the best method of instruction is to present material that is related to a previous interest of the student. Herbart’s theory denies the existence of faculties and emphasizes the unique role of subject matter in the development of mental and moral abilities.
- John Fredrik Herbart, a German Philosopher, and a great educationist divided teaching units into five steps. His approach is based on a per captive mass theory of learning. It was greatly influenced by classical human organization theory.
- Although the previous knowledge of the students is taken into consideration, the other aspects such as their abilities, attitudes, and values are not considered. But still this is the method of approach that is widely used in teaching of various school subjects.
Herbart (1776-1841) combined
enlightment ideas of reason with growing faith in systematic approaches,
planning and organization.
The Herbartian lesson plan:
Remain students of knowledge already learnt
Present new materials
Compare new materials to prior knowledge
Generalize a central idea
Apply the new knowledge to some other situation
Find the effectiveness of teaching through
recapitulation
Thus approach employ six steps, which are
generally called as the Herbartian steps of lesson planning
They are as follows.
Preparation or Introduction:
The student should be in a position to acquire
the new knowledge that is imparted to him/her. For this purpose, the teacher
should acquaint himself or herself with the previous knowledge of the student.
So that they can correlate the new knowledge with the earlier knowledge. This
helps in bridging to gap and leaders a student towards the aim of the lesson of
teacher can do this.
v By
analyzing the previous knowledge of the student of the student and introducing
the new lesson by explaining aims and objectives.
v By
asking relevant questions that exposes their ignorance and arouse interest and
curiosity to learn more and something new.
v By
using different types of teaching aids such as charts, maps or pictcures.
v The
teacher should keep in mind that this step should be short and concise and the
duration of this step should not exceed five minutes.
How can a teacher start the
lesson?
v By
asking two or three interesting questions with the help of aids that is
pictures, charts or models.
v By
asking questions from the content – matter previously taught.
v By
discussing a situation and illustration it with the help of a relevant story.
Presentation:
Presentation of content-matter
should be preceded with the mention of the aim of lesson. Once the aim of
lesson is made clear to the students of the classroom, both the students and
the teacher have a common focal point to concentrate, that is to reach the
objective of the lesson.
This is the step where there is
equal participation of students and the teacher in the teaching-learning
process.
A sort of heruristic attitude
prevails during the whole teaching process. Questioning becomes one of the most
important devices that is used in this method. Use of other teaching aids can
enhance the interest of the students towards the lesson and it can be made comprehensive. Development
of black board summary is also necessary.
Comparison or Abstraction:
Some illustration are given to
the students and they are asked to
compare them from other illustrations or facts. This is one of the important
steps, which compels a student to draw a generalization or a definition based
on the result of the comparison and abstraction.
Generalization or Definition:
This step is as a result of the
reflective thinking of the students. This knowledge gained in the earlier steps
is used in this step to draw generalizations, formulations and rules with the
help of comparison or abstraction. The aim of the lesson is achieved in this step,
which is completed by answering the questions raised in the earlier steps. Now,
the students are ready to use the knowledge they have gained by applying them
in real life situation
Application:
This is the step where students
use the acquired knowledge in favourable and unfavourable situations. The
validity of the generalization is determined, whether it is temporary or
permanent. The generalization stays in the minds of the students and do not
leave their consciousness soon.
Forms of application:
v Solving
problems
v Writing
on essay or an article
v Drawing
maps or charts
v Preparing
some models
v Doing
some practical work
v Getting
of new type tests.
Recapitulation:
This is last step. Putting some
suitable questions on the topic to the students can test the understanding and
comprehension of the subject matter by the teacher. This will also help the
teacher to find out whether his method of teaching is effective and successful
or not.
Write the merits of Herbartian
lesson planning?
Merits of Herbartian lesson
planning:
The following are the advantages
of the Herbartian lesson planning approach.
v It
follows logical and psychological aspects and therefore incorporate the basic
principles of learning
v It
is an easy and simple approach of lesson planning
v Content
matter is given utmost importance
v It
employs deductive thinking in learning
v It
is the method that can be used to teach any subject of the school-science
subjects, social studies and languages.
v It
uses previous knowledge of the students to impart the new knowledge
v This
approach can be used to any size of the class or organization
Write the demerits of
Herbartian lesson planning?
Although the Herbartian lesson
plan is the most widely used approach in lesson planning, it has some demerits.
They are as follows.
v It
mainly emphasizes on the content matter
v It
confines teaching only to memory level
v It
ignores the attitudes and requirements of the students
v It
helps in achieving only cognitive objectives where as it can not be employed to
achieve the effective and psychomotor objectives
v This
approach is highly dominated by the teacher
v It
does not provide for the opportunities of the students creativity and
originality as it is highly structured.
v Emphasis
is given presentation.
Discuss about Bloom’s approach
to lesson planning?
Bloom’s taxonomy:
Bloom Taxonomy enables the
students to learn the concepts from basics to more complex.
 |
Bloom’s taxonomy provides the opportunity for
the teachers to design different class room experiences for students. These
experiences are very helpful to promote critical thinking and constructive
approaches to learning.
Bloom’s evaluation approach signifies itself as
a means for planning and implementing the student centered classroom as it
provides a precise language for articulating the intended out comes of
teacher’s instructions, which are expressed in terms of student learning. It
also allows the teacher a tool for decoupling critical thinking skills from
content, the primary emphasis of instruction in the traditional class room.
Because of this, the focus of classroom instructions becomes the attainment of
student skills and competencies rather than enhancing the teacher’s
self-knowledge or content specifying the learning out comes, which display
different levels of learning.
The taxonomy offers and improvement over the
behavioural objectives. Behavioural objectives provide the teachers a way to
state learning out comes accurately.
The following three steps were
given by B.S. Bloom under the evaluation approach.
I.
Formulating
Educational objectives
II.
Creating
learning experiences and
III.
Evaluating
the change of behaviour
Formulating educational
objectives:
v
The end result of any activity is known as
objective. The educational objectives are concerned with the cognitive,
effective, and psychomotor changes in the behaviours. The following points
should be kept in mind while identifying and formulating educational
objectives.
v
There is significant difference in various
school subjects. Therefore different objectives are achieved by teaching various
school subjects.
v
The structure of the content, need and level of
the student, political and cultural needs and socio-economic conditions from
the basis in determining the objectives of teaching.
v
While formulating the objectives of learning,
the growth and development of the student should be kept in mind, because some
contents are taught at different stages of development.
v
The comprehension levels and the behaviours of
the students should be considered formulating the learning objectives.
v
After identifying the behavioural terms the
objectives are written.
v
Creating learning experiences:
The table provides different
types of learning experiences employing different teaching strategies to
achieve different teaching objectives
.
Evaluating change of behaviour:
The learning experiences bring
desirable changes in the behaviour of the students. The type of change in the
behaviour denotes the effectiveness of the learning experiences. There is more
than one type of change in behaviour. There are three types – cognitive, and
psychomotor. Cognitive is for mental skills (knowledge), affective is growth in
feelings or emotional areas (attitude), while psychomotor is for manual or
physical skills (skills).
Training often requires to these
as KAS, SKA, OR KSA (Knowledge, Attitude and Skills).
This taxonomy of learning behaviours can be taught as “ the goals of the
training process” that is, after training session, the learner should have
acquired these new skills.
Cognitive objectives:
The cognitive domain involves
knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall
or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns and concepts that serve
in the development or intellectual abilities and skills
Affective objectives:
This domain includes the manner
in which we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings values,
appreciation, enthusiasm, motivations and attitudes. The five major categories
listed in order are:-
v Receiving
phenomenon
v Responding
to phenomenon
v Valuing
v Organization
v Characterization
Psychomotor objectives:
The psychomotor domain includes
physical movements, co-ordination, and use of the motor skill areas.
Development of these skills requires practice and is measured in terms of
speed, precision, distance, procedures or techniques in execution.
Write the merits of Bloom’s
lesson planning?
The following are the advantages
Bloom’s approach to preparing lesson plans:
1.
Specification of the objectives is with the help
of the preparation of the two dimensional charts.
2.
This method is based on psychological and
scientific priciples
3.
Content analysis is done
4.
Objectives are written in behavioural terms
5.
Teaching objectives are achieved by organizing
the teaching activities
6.
The teaching activities are related to learning
structure
7.
It has a greater scope for improving or changing
the learning experiences or teaching activities
8.
It is a method of preparing lesson plan, where
teaching becomes purposeful and objective oriented.
Write the demerits of Bloom’s
lesson planning?
This method has the following
demerits.
Personal factors of the teachers
influence the planning and organization of the teaching activities
This method does not provide for
the creativity and originality of the teacher since it is highly mechanized and
structured.
Teaching activity has no
specificity, because it is concerned with more than one domain.
While writing objectives in
behavioural terms, the mental abilities are not taken into considerations.
Write the steps
involved in a model lesson plan or Write the bases of lesson planning?
While planning a lesson the
teacher has to divide the lesson into logical sequence, which can be understood
easily by the students.
A lesson plan is based on the
following theoretical assumptions.
Preliminary knowledge or
abilities required
Steps followed in writing lesson
planning
Evaluation of lesson planning
The following steps are also to
be planned if the lesson plan has to be appropriate and successful.
Preliminary knowledge and
abilities:
A perspective biology teacher
needs an understanding of the preliminary knowledge upon which lesson plan is
developed.
1.
Identification of teaching points or concepts
2.
Writing specific objectives
3.
Developing learning activities
4.
Selecting appropriate teaching strategies
5.
Identifying relevant institutional materials
6.
Writing the test items.
Steps in Lesson Plan
General information: It
gives the information about the trainee teacher. It also provides information
about name of the school, class subject, unit, subject, and topic for the
lesson, class, duration of the period and the date.
Identification of teaching
points:
The lesson is carefully read. The
major and sub concepts are identified to make teaching and learning easy. The
content that is to be taught in the class has to be determined. The teacher has
to identify the teaching points that are the main themes of the topic to be
explained. These are the major concepts to be dealt in a lesson.
Teaching AIDS:
Use of proper teaching aids helps
in the biology teacher to clarify structural functional aspects of the topic.
It helps to motivate pupils and learn effectively. Teaching aids should be used
skill fully at appropriate time.
The common teaching materials
like the black board, chalk pieces, scale or a pointer are necessary in a class
room. In addition to these materials, charts, models, preserved specimens,
glass wares and apparatus can be used as specific teaching materials for better
comprehension of the subject content.
Writing instructional
objectives:
General and specific
instructional objectives should be provided. These objectives reflect learning
outcomes. So careful thought should be given in writing instructional
objectives.
The teacher should identify the
instructional objectives that are to be achieved as part of the lesson. They
have to specify the specific learning outcomes part are acquired by the
students as a result of the teaching learning process.
Introduction of the lesson:
Introduction of the lesson
prepares the students for learning.
In introduction the teacher can
v Review
or text the previous knowledge of the students
v Motivate
the students for learning
v Introduce
new knowledge
Set Induction is the skill which
is related to the introduction of the lesson. A lesson may be introduced
effectively by presenting a demonstration, using teaching aids, asking thought
provoking questions, or relating a story in brief. This part is mainly
concerned with attention of the pupils.
So the time taken for introducing
the lesson should be about 3 minutes.
Development of lesson:
This is the body of the lesson. This is concerned with the development of
the learning activities. This step involves the context method, teaching aids
and ability the students.
Content is based on which learning activities are planned. So the teacher
has to select teaching concepts and organize in order. Based on this content
the learning activities should be developed.
Based the learning activities method and teaching aids should be selected
for easy acquisition of concept.
The teacher has to bear in mind the age, maturity and interest of the
pupils. To make sure of effective teaching learning process, evaluation may be
carried out at every stage. The teacher provides generalizations and applies
the concepts to the real or natural situations.
Recapitulation:
Recapitulation helps in recalling the lesson learned and to find out the
extent to which teaching is effective. Recapitulation may do through
questioning or written examination. This helps in review of the lesson as well
as evaluation of the knowledge gained by the students, the teacher can observe
whether the students have understood the lessons and achieve the objectives of
the lesson.
Assignment:
Home assignment helps the learner to study and apply the acquired
knowledge. It includes the activities that are given to individual students or
in groups. The activities are designed in such a way as to develop their
curiosity, creativity and scientific skills and also bring out their
originality. These assignments may be small time projects also.
Follow up activity:
This helps in application of the knowledge gained to real life situations
and helps in the achievement of the objectives which develop the appreciation
and interest in the students.
Format of lesson plan:
The lesson plan proformas vary with varying lesson plan. The most common
pro forma that is used in schools is given below.
Preliminaries:
LESSON PLAN
Name of the student :
Name of the training institution :
Name of the co-operating school :
Subject :
Class :
Sub-Unit :
Date :
Duration of the period :
Teaching method used :
Teaching aids and others :
Instructional materials used :
Teaching main points :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General instructional objectives
The pupil
1. Acquire knowledge about…………..
2. Understands……………………….
3. Applies the knowledge of ……………
4. Acquires the skill of drawing………..
5. Develops interest in…………………..
Specific instructional objectives
The pupil
a.defines………………………………
b.explains……………………………..
c.differentiates………………………..
d.compares……………………………
e.uses .
f.draws…………………………………
g. collects/prepares………………………
Previous knowledge :
Steps, objectives and specification
|
Content analysis
|
Learning experience
|
Evaluation
|
1.Introduction
a. Motivation
b. Declaration of the topic
2.Lesson development
3.Recapitualation
4.Assignment
5.Follow up activity
|
Signature of the Supervising
Teacher Signature of the Student Teacher
UNIT PLAN
Introduction: A unit is a
large block of subject matter, which includes a series of meaningful activities
designed to achieve the purpose of education i.e. to provide the appropriate
learning experiences and bring about significant behavioural changes in the
student.
According to present concept, a unit also includes the procedure of
presentation of the subject matter, which means the unit is not only a block of
content but also a method in itself.
Therefore a ‘unit’ can be described as:
An integrated whole
A threshold, which includes a systematic arrangements of teaching
methods, materials and learning experiences which brings about the designed
behavioural changes in the learner.
Define UNIT?
Some of the important definitions of a unit are:
According to Preston, “A unit is as large a block of related
subject matter as can be over-viewed by the learner”.
According to Wisley, “The
unit is an organized body of information and experience designed to effect
significant out comes for the learner”.
What are the criteria determining a good unit?
While planning a teaching unit, the following points should be kept in
view.
v It should keep in view the capabilities, the
needs and the interests of the students.
v It should allow a variety of demonstrations,
experiments, field trips, projects etc.
v It should also consider the back ground and
previous experiences of the students.
v It should have appropriate length to maintain
the interest of the students throughout.
v It should consist of material, which looks
familiar and related to the topics, unfamiliar and strange material should be
avoided.
v It should be flexible so as to allow the
above average pupils to go beyond the limits of the unit.
v It should be associated with the physical and
social environments of the students.
v It should help to foresee and satisfy some of
the future needs of the students.
v It should be a part of a series that allows
continuous development year after year.
v It should be the predict of the mutual planning
of teacher and students as much as possible.
Discuss the various steps involved in unit planning?
While planning the unit, the teacher should bear in mind the aims and the
methodology of teaching. The teacher has to select the instructional objectives
analyze the contents, identify the appropriate teaching methods,
and teaching aids and evaluate the learning out comes.
The various steps involved in the unit planning are:
Preparation or Motivation: Students
should be provided with a purpose to achieve and should be motivated to
accomplish the task.
Introduction to topic and correlating life situations or giving examples
for the topic could motivate students.
The motivation as far as possible should be natural and self-directed.
The process of motivation should not be restricted to the beginning of
the lesson but should continue throughout lesson.
Testing of previous knowledge: The second step that should follow motivation is testing the previous
knowledge of the students.
It gives insight into the abilities of the students.
Through this unit, the teacher may avoid repetition of the content and
also comes to know about the comprehension capacity of the students.
Presentation: This step
provides new experiences to the students. Hence the teacher needs to present
the content in a clear, precise and interesting manner by including teaching
material, aids and other class room activities.
Organization of learning:
The organization could be done in the written or oral form.
The student must be provided with the opportunity to organize the content
that they learnt. So that they could establish the relationship between the new
experiences and be able to assimilate them properly in their minds.
Summarization: At the end
of the unit, the entire unit is summarized in a systematic order to bring all
the learning together.
Summarization could also be done at intervals during the progress of the
unit.
Usually organization and summarization go together.
Recapitulation: The teacher
should revise the new experiences taught during the presentation. The unit is
revised by asking simple questions to the students regarding the topic. It is
not necessary to do recapitulation only at the end of the unit. One can also do
at a number or places during the progress of the lesson.
Evaluation: This steps
helps to check the achievement levels of the students. This test may be oral or
written. It could be conducted in between the lessons. They may be given tests
in the form of performance tests, interviews, self-check test, puzzles etc.
The final evaluation test is given at the end of the unit to give grades
to the students as well as to check the effectiveness of ones teaching
methodology.
Based on the evaluation results further remedial measures should be
planned.
Write the advantages of a unit plan?
Some important advantages in unit planning are:
v It is based on aims and objectives of
teaching
v It makes the teaching-learning clear, precise
and more comprehensive
v It vitalized learning and makes the learning
process more life-like.
v It develops the content knowledge of the
teacher
v More disciplined teaching and learning is
observed.
v
Write the disadvantage of a unit plan?
There are some limitations noticed while planning for the unit. They are
v It requires committed and hard working
teachers
v Confusion sets in when the topics are
unrelated and unsystematically arranged
v Evaluation is difficult to do at lower
stages.
v
Objectives of higher
secondary curriculum:
At higher
secondary level the science subjects are taught as separate disciplines. It is
not compulsory. Biology is opted by some students. Botany and Zoolgy are learnt
by some students. It is also possible to opt physics and chemistry and not
biology. Let us discuss objectives of higher secondary biology syllabus
.
Higher Secondary-
Second year:
In XII std Biology-Zoology, the
following units are included.
- Human physiology
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Modern genetics
- Environmental science
- Applied biology
- Theories of Evolution
In the unit on "Environmental
Science", the general instructional objectives are critically analysed
at cognitive, affective and psychomotor level as per the guide lines given by
Blooms et al,. This unit mainly deals about definition of environment,
explosion of human population, environmental problem conservation and management of natural resources, waste
management, biodiversity and its conservation, rain water harvesting etc,. The
following objectives are studied in the unit on Environmental Science.
Knowledge Level
·
Definition of environment
·
Explosion of human population
·
Meaning of demographic statistics terminology
·
Green house effect
·
Green house gases
·
Biodiversity
·
Waste management
·
Energy resources
·
Water resources
Understanding Level
·
Issues related human population explosions
·
Population dynamics
·
Uneven distribution of population
·
Impacts of growing population
·
Consequences of population explosion
·
Reasons for ozone hole
·
Effects of global warming
·
Effects of ozone layer depletion
·
Reasons for decline biodiversity
·
Waste management
·
Energy crisis
·
Water shortage
·
Water shed management
·
Bio reserves
Application Level
·
Control of global warming
·
Prevention of ozone layer depletion
·
Management of hazard wastes
·
Waste water treatment
·
Conservation of biodiversity
·
Bioreserves in India
·
Operation of energy resource
·
Rainwater harvesting
Analysis Level
·
Monitoring ozone layer depletion
·
Causes of green house gases
·
Ozone layer depletion
·
Management of waste
·
Conservation of losing biodiversity
·
Types of energy resources
Synthesis Level
·
Impact of environmental science
·
Comparison of various environmental problems
Evaluation Level
·
Importance of energy resources
·
Methods of waste management
·
Significance of water harvesting
·
Importace of conservation of biodiversity
·
Controlling population explosion
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